Medical Encyclopaedia › Constipation (short definition)
In brief: Constipation is present when, over a longer period, bowel movements occur less than three times a week, are very hard or are only possible with heavy straining and a feeling of incomplete emptying. Women and older people are affected more often.
Causes
Common causes are a low-fibre diet, too little fluid, lack of exercise and suppressing the urge to open the bowels. Medicines such as opioids, iron preparations or certain antidepressants, an underactive thyroid, pregnancy, irritable bowel syndrome and pelvic floor disorders can also lead to constipation.
What helps
A high-fibre diet with wholegrains, vegetables, fruit and pulses and sufficient fluid is the basis. Bulking agents such as psyllium husks or linseed increase stool volume but must be taken with plenty of water. Regular exercise and fixed toilet times support bowel activity.
Laxatives
If these measures are not enough, osmotic agents such as macrogol are well studied and also suitable for longer-term use. Stimulant laxatives such as bisacodyl or sodium picosulfate can also be used. According to current knowledge, the concern that laxatives make the bowel dependent when used correctly is largely unfounded; use should nevertheless be discussed with a pharmacy or doctor.
Warning signs
New-onset constipation in older age, blood in the stool, unintentional weight loss, severe abdominal pain or alternating constipation and diarrhoea should be assessed by a doctor.
Related terms in the encyclopaedia
Dietary fibre, Psyllium, Linseed, Macrogol, Laxative, Irritable bowel syndrome
Further reading on Medizin Aktuell
Sources
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gastroenterologie, Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten (DGVS) und Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurogastroenterologie und Motilität (DGNM): S2k-Leitlinie Chronische Obstipation
- IQWiG: gesundheitsinformation.de – Gesundheitsinformationen des Instituts für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit im Gesundheitswesen
Note: This article is for general information and does not replace advice, diagnosis or treatment from a doctor or pharmacist. Last updated: October 2026.